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Hi, I am using ISE 4.2 student version.But I can not find output pad in the schematic tools.Does any one know how to add pins in the schematic design? The help says you can find "add pins" from the Add menu,but I can not find it. Thank you very much! sincerely ------------- Kuan Zhou ECSE departmentArticle: 51501
Keith, > > Well, it depends. If you have a schematic library that allows you to draw a > > flow diagram and makes it drag and drop, it's REALLY easy...and easy to > > do...and easy to read. > > Doesn't that make it more of an HDL rather than schematic? How? There's no HDL involved at all. Symply schematic blocks and symbols. > There is > some "synthesis" going on then. Perhaps I don't understand your tool. There is no synthesis. Simply hierarchical symbols, and underneath those symbols are schematics, or other blocks. The very bottom level is gates, but above that, it's functional blocks. Like a single symbol for a counter, or a single symbol for a CRC generator... > > > The design is simply too large > > > to make it practical though. > > I believe that generating schematics from this VHDL would be > impractical. Ah, yes. I understood that to mean that using schematics FOR that design was impractical because of the size of the design. > > > Again, schematics are nice for dataflow. I very much dislike > > > schematics for state machines. > > > > It depends on how it's drawn. Any tool can be abused, or used properly. > > Fought with, or worked with. > > Very true. I'd like to learn some of the tools you work with. Perhaps > I'd be an easy convert. As Ray, Philip and other use, I use ViewDraw, with a symbol library that I've managed to accumulate over the past 10+ years. It is unfortunate that schematics have been pretty much supplanted as the tool of choice, because there is really no incentive for people to sell/releast/provide these symbol libraries. All of us who have been doing this for a while, have amassed a large arsenal of symbols. Philip even had a very excellent state machine generator and function generator that would make your symbols, and the underlying, schematics for you for a list of different functions. > > Er, yeah. That's why the fast PCI cores are done in schematics ;-) > > PCI is fast?! In a 4k, getting it to run at 33MHz is fast, and getting PCI-X to run at 133MHz is fast as well. So, yes, PCI IS fast. > > > I'll dissent here. Documentation means something. My comfort > > > isn't everything. > > > > Hum. I think we strap you to a chair, and make you drink four 2L bottles of > > Diet Coke and see you say that after a few hours... > > Gee, you work in a nice relaxed atmosphere. I could get to enjoy such > enlightened management. ;-) Why, thank you ;-) > Again, I'd like to see your schematics. I'm always open to new ways of > doing things. I get bored with the old ones. ;-) Ha ha...schematics ARE the old way. > > Well, then...DON'T USE ORDAD! > > Ordad? Tell us how you really feel! Don't hold it in! I can't believe that they actually have the nerve to charge for such a gross schematic package...as $9.99 shareware, it's pretty good, but as a real schematic tool, it just doesn't work well. The PCB tools are excellent though...which I find kind of funny. >One of the best decisions I made was to go > with the Synplicity tools. Yes, they, specifically, have come a LONG way and as far as for FPGA use, are exceptional, especially with the RTL viewer. I am very happy with Synplicity. Regards, AustinArticle: 51502
Michael S wrote: > Basically, schematic entry tools are still in use only because people > without a software background are still allowed into a FPGA design > field. The day management will finally realize how much money can be > saved by keeping these people (a.k.a. hardware engineers) out of all > but the simplest FPGA designs - the time of the schematics will be > over. > These HW guys can't spell "version control" !!! Enough said. I'm a "HW guy" that thinks in both code and in the physical layout, rather than visual gates (schematics). I have found it easier to teach HW types to use VHDL and put code into CVS than to teach SW types why the output enable FF needs to be in the IOB, and how to code to get this to happen. Not to mention how to do a reasonable data paths, or how to parallelize tasks and pipeline a design. I've only been working with FPGAs for eleven years or so. Austin must be getting close to the fifteen year point. But I'm sure you know more. So educate us. -- Phil HaysArticle: 51503
Steve Lass wrote: > I'll need some more info on this. Did the design meet timing? That is the > goal of our tools, not getting the best route for each net. Problem is for dense designs, the route strategy used in 4.x and 5.1 tools falls short. The older router did a much better job of getting nearly best routes, especially on floorplanned data path. The new router makes circuitous routes on signals that should be straight connections, and as a result it is difficult or impossible to predict the critical path. Paths that should have plenty of margin often come up with only a few ns slack. While the average user who is not pushing speed or density probably doesn't care (even he might if he realized how much the power consumption is affected), the power user, especially one who is trying to put out IP guaranteed to run at a particular clock, gets very frustrated with this. There needs to be a switch to offer a routing algorithm similar to what was done in 3.3 and earlier tools. I have several designs that met timing under 3.3 but fall short under later tools, and it is a routing problem as these are extensively floorplanned designs. With power becoming a persistent problem, I think getting near optimal routing on every net is even more important. It wouldn't be as much of thorn if it had never been done, but the fact of the matter is that the 3.3 router is a better router for heavily floorplanned data path designs. -- --Ray Andraka, P.E. President, the Andraka Consulting Group, Inc. 401/884-7930 Fax 401/884-7950 email ray@andraka.com http://www.andraka.com "They that give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." -Benjamin Franklin, 1759Article: 51504
On Sun, 12 Jan 2003 06:03:17 -0500, Andrew Rogers wrote: > It would seem that the Open Source software developers haven't quite > managed to produce a complete tool chain for programming FPGAs. The > remaining issue seems to be that FPGA manufactures are not willing to > supply the necessary bit-stream specification and make excuses, giving > the details of the bit-stream would allow reverse engineering of > commercial products that use their FPGAs. That's probably true, but any > one wishing to clone such a product only has to duplicate the bit-stream > and no reverse engineering is required. > > If FPGA manufactures continue this ridiculous trend then maybe the only > option is to develop a new FPGA which has all of its specifications > available. > > I know that this issue has been raised in the past, but this time I am > following up a different approach, the development of an Open FPGA. > > Can anyone (Xilinx maybe) estimate the cost and time involved in > development of a new and open FPGA? > > Maybe I could test out the new Open FPGA with my University Ph.D. work > on Turbo codecs! > > Thanks > Andrew Rogers In my experience Xilinx is very forthcoming with technical details, you just have to know who to ask. As for the idea of an open source FPGA, that's just silly. Open source software is feasible because there aren't any capital requirements, just the willingness of programmers to spend time on the project. ASICs are a completely different story, a single .13u mask set costs in the neighborhood of half a million dollars, no one is going to make that kind of investment in something that has no pay off. Also there isn't the same kind of need for alternative FPGA sources. The FPGA world is blessed with two nearly equal sized competitors who have been going at it tooth and nail since their foundings. Real competition makes for real advancements, and more importantly it prevents the competitors from exploiting their customers. That's very different from the OS world where Microsoft has had a monopoly. The lack of competition has allowed Microsoft to get away with selling Soviet quality software. Linux has been able to snatch significant market share because the world desparately needed a high quality alternative, and more crucially there is no one company that Microsoft can put out of business which would kill off Linux.Article: 51505
On Tue, 14 Jan 2003 17:23:53 GMT, Ken McElvain <ken@synplicity.com> wrote: >library unisim; >use unisim.vcomponents.all; > >Is supported in Synplify after 7.2.1 FYI, this also worked in versions prior to 7.2.1 if you compiled unisim_vcomp.vhd into the unisim library. My Synplify project files now contain something similar to: if {([llength [info commands program_version]] && ([program_version] >= 7.2))} { # using a version of synplify that has unisim built-in } else { # using a version of synplify that doesn't have unisim built-in add_file -vhdl -lib unisim <somepath>/unisim_vcomp.vhd; } Regards, Allan. >- Ken McElvain > > >Barry Brown wrote: > >> 1. You have to compile the xilinx unisim library in Modelsim. Check the >> Xilinx answers database for record #2561. I had to do this, but I cannot >> remember the exact commands I used in Modelsim (wish I had written them >> down!). I do remember that Xilinx's TCL script did not work for me. The >> Xilinx source is in your directory $Xilinx\vhdl\src\unisims. I also just >> noticed that they include a perl script in $Xilinx\vhdl\bin\nt which >> purports to compile the libraries. Could be worth a try if you have perl >> installed. >> >> 2. Modify your modelsim.ini file to include lines like these: >> simprim = $MODEL_TECH/../simprim >> unisim = $MODEL_TECH/../unisim >> >> 3. Include the library in your source file: >> -- synthesis translate_off >> library unisim; >> use unisim.vcomponents.all; >> -- synthesis translate_on >> >> Those pragmas are for Synplify. >> >> Note: my computer is running pathetic ol' NT4, so the directory paths I have >> given may not be exactly the same on your computer. >> >> Barry Brown >> >> >> "Jim Raynor" <chris_cheung66@hotmail.com> wrote in message >> news:JfDU9.24993$8V5.2262500@news1.telusplanet.net... >> >>>hi, >>> >>> I am having problem in simulating the Virtex's Primitive (e.g CLKDLL, >>>BUFG...) using Modelsim. Could anyone tell me how to do it? I got errors >>>in the Modelsim like >>> >>> # WARNING[1]: main.vhd(244): No default binding for component: >>> >> "ibufg". >> >>>(No entity named "ibufg" was found) >>># WARNING[1]: main.vhd(247): No default binding for component: "clkdll". >>> >> (No >> >>>entity named "clkdll" was found) >>># WARNING[1]: main.vhd(248): No default binding for component: "bufg". (No >>>entity named "bufg" was found) >>> >>> Thanks..... >>> >>> Chris >>> >>> >>> >>> >> >> >Article: 51506
"Tim" <tim@rockylogic.com.nooospam.com> wrote in message news:b028d5$ag5$1$8300dec7@news.demon.co.uk... > Austin Franklin wrote > > For most designs, it is better to simply use what you are most comfortable > > with. As with any thing engineering, any tool can be used exceptionally as > > well as poorly. > > I can see how you can mimic the functionality of a schematic > in a programming language. But the other way round seems tough. Hi Tim, If I understand what you mean...I can tell you that I USED to get a LOT of jobs doing exactly that...taking VHDL and converting it to schematics. Up until about five years ago, people were told that HDLs were what they should be using for FPGA designs, but the recommending party failed to tell their unsuspecting clients that the most they could get out of synthesis was about 5MHz...so they needed a quick solution. Sometimes that was looking at the design using FPGA Editor and finding out what was causing the problem, and then simply re-writing the HDL, after hours of playing guessing games as to what syntax would create what output...to get the HDL to "work" as it simply should have in the first place. The other solution was to take the VHDL and implement it in schematics. The later was actually done FAR more than the former. So, yes, I have taken a LOT of VHDL and implemented it in schematics, only to make give the client a design that ran vastly faster than the HDL, in a slower speed grade, and used far less resources, so they could use smaller, cheaper, chips. Regards, AustinArticle: 51507
Yeah, but the starting price is $10k...so it doesn't seem like much of a bargain! "Emile" <banktrade2002@yahoo.com> wrote in message news:952209fb.0301141312.5b347ad3@posting.google.com... > There is a listing for 360 new XC2S150-5FG456C on Ebay - I think that > someone here posted a message asking for some.Article: 51508
In article <v29rt7d7v0qnbf@corp.supernews.com>, Austin Franklin <austin@da98rkroom.com> wrote: >Yeah, but the starting price is $10k...so it doesn't seem like much of a >bargain! Actually, seems quite cruddy. 300 is enough to start getting interesting, at 10,000 Xilinx will probably sell em for <$10 each. >"Emile" <banktrade2002@yahoo.com> wrote in message >news:952209fb.0301141312.5b347ad3@posting.google.com... >> There is a listing for 360 new XC2S150-5FG456C on Ebay - I think that >> someone here posted a message asking for some. > > -- Nicholas C. Weaver nweaver@cs.berkeley.eduArticle: 51509
Michael S wrote: > Basically, schematic entry tools are still in use only because people > without a software background are still allowed into a FPGA design > field. The day management will finally realize how much money can be > saved by keeping these people (a.k.a. hardware engineers) out of all > but the simplest FPGA designs - the time of the schematics will be > over. > These HW guys can't spell "version control" !!! Enough said. > Interesting. I'm doing mixed stuff. Microcontrollers, Analog & RF, Windows GUIs, and FPGAs. I'm quite capable of several ASM and highlevel languages. Yet, I wasn't convinced to learn another language for my FPGAs. As long as the schematic approach works, why bother. It might happen one day when there is an advantage, though. I'd rather consider the fast FPGAs given to software people to be 'pearls before pigs'. If you havent spent weeks on tweaking nanoseconds on ECL, you aren't worth the FPGAs. Rene -- Ing.Buero R.Tschaggelar - http://www.ibrtses.com & commercial newsgroups - http://www.talkto.netArticle: 51510
I don't doubt you for a second. There's a thread in 'comp.arch.embedded' about low quality software. Just as a Language Reference Manual won't make you a C programmer, it won't make you a HDL designer. $.02, SH On Wed, 15 Jan 2003 00:15:18 -0500, "Austin Franklin" <austin@da98rkroom.com> wrote: > >The other solution was to take the VHDL and implement it in schematics. The >later was actually done FAR more than the former. So, yes, I have taken a >LOT of VHDL and implemented it in schematics, only to make give the client a >design that ran vastly faster than the HDL, in a slower speed grade, and >used far less resources, so they could use smaller, cheaper, chips. > >Regards, > >Austin >Article: 51511
Ray Andraka wrote: > > Steve Lass wrote: > > > I'll need some more info on this. Did the design meet timing? That is the > > goal of our tools, not getting the best route for each net. > > Problem is for dense designs, the route strategy used in 4.x and 5.1 tools falls short. > The older router did a much better job of getting nearly best routes, especially on > floorplanned data path. The new router makes circuitous routes on signals that should be > straight connections, and as a result it is difficult or impossible to predict the > critical path. Paths that should have plenty of margin often come up with only a few ns > slack. While the average user who is not pushing speed or density probably doesn't care > (even he might if he realized how much the power consumption is affected), the power user, > especially one who is trying to put out IP guaranteed to run at a particular clock, gets > very frustrated with this. There needs to be a switch to offer a routing algorithm > similar to what was done in 3.3 and earlier tools. I have several designs that met timing > under 3.3 but fall short under later tools, and it is a routing problem as these are > extensively floorplanned designs. With power becoming a persistent problem, I think > getting near optimal routing on every net is even more important. It wouldn't be as much > of thorn if it had never been done, but the fact of the matter is that the 3.3 router is > a better router for heavily floorplanned data path designs. Since a 'heavily floorplanned designs' has most of placement the work done, one could expect the routers to finish much faster. Do you see much difference in the completion times of the 3.3 tools, vs 5.1 tools ? It's a common problem, supposedly smarter tools being harder to control, and/or giving dumber results.. -jgArticle: 51512
Dear David, I think you would find the Xilinx DSP Techniques Course most useful and interesting. All of module 2 (there are 7 modules in 3 days) is devoted to understanding different ways to represent numbers and how to make correct decisions about required precision. Of course, I'm biased because I wrote it! However, I have personally taught it to hundreds of people and the feedback has been excellent, albeit that most of them complain that they have a headache! Have a look at the course description and see if it is running near you soon. http://support.xilinx.com/support/training/abstracts/v4/atp-dsp.htm For a quick understanding of number representation take a look at my TechX article. http://www.xilinx.com/support/techxclusives/DCoffset1-1-techX14.htm Yours sincerely, Ken ChapmanArticle: 51513
HI all, Can anyone tell me what is a systolic array . My idea is that it is a array of computing elements used for complex applications. CAN any one give me more details?? Also any lnks, whitepapers Thanks in Advance SkillieArticle: 51514
I'm working on a digital oversampling filter where I need some really small FIFOs (2 to 16 words long). The width is 16 to 24 bits. What is the recommended way to implement such FIFOs in a Spartan IIE? I will probably need at least 8 of them. The FIFOs in the Core Generator are generally longer that what I need. Latency is no problem in my design, and the clock speed is rather low. Reads and writes to/from the FIFO will be synchronous to the clock. Any feedback wellcome! Regards, BørgeArticle: 51515
Hi all I tried to procure the components for the Berkeley board but failed Is this board is available in assembled form or as a kit with pcb and all components with regrds "Austin Lesea" <austin.lesea@xilinx.com> wrote in message news:3E1F0E35.D99D6FA0@xilinx.com... > All, > > A very nice platform for FPGAs was developed by UC Berkeley (in cooperation we > Xilinx): > > http://kamsky.eecs.berkeley.edu/calinx/pdf/Manual.pdf > > I would suggest you contact UCB, or myself, if you are interested in making some > for your school. > > There are many platforms that are much less capable, and perhaps any one of > those would be suitable for an introductory level course. Please review: > > http://www.xilinx.com/univ/index.htm > > Austin > > Rene Tschaggelar wrote: > > > David wrote: > > > Hi, > > > Does anyone know what is the best choice for an fpga developement kit? > > > Altera offers this kit for University student : > > > http://www.altera.com/education/univ/kits/unv-kits.html > > > I wonder if there are other supplier of boards like this (could be Xilinx > > > too) that could compete with this. Are there third party manufacturer that > > > are worth considering? > > > > All these offers are comparable. > > The software usually can be downloaded, at least reduced versions. > > The programmers can be selfbuilt or purchased. > > And finally you need some chip on a board. > > While 150$ is not much you should base your preference based on > > who is going to help you and who is going to introduce you into this > > technology. A colleague is best as you'll spent a few feeks at least. > > > > Rene > > -- > > Ing.Buero R.Tschaggelar - http://www.ibrtses.com > > & commercial newsgroups - http://www.talkto.net >Article: 51516
Hi, Ken Chapman's Picoblaze project and files (at Xilinx) contain a small and compact fifo (bbfifo_16x8). It stores max. 16 words, 8-bit wide, but the word width can be easily expanded to any width you want. It is currently written in VHDL but since it is all instantiation of Xilinx primitives anyway, it's not too hard ('tho tedious) to transcribe. - Frank PS: Replace 'xxx' with 'eng' to send no-spam email. Børge Strand wrote: > I'm working on a digital oversampling filter where I need some really small > FIFOs (2 to 16 words long). The width is 16 to 24 bits. > > What is the recommended way to implement such FIFOs in a Spartan IIE? I will > probably need at least 8 of them. The FIFOs in the Core Generator are > generally longer that what I need. Latency is no problem in my design, and > the clock speed is rather low. Reads and writes to/from the FIFO will be > synchronous to the clock. > > Any feedback wellcome! > > Regards, > > Børge > >Article: 51517
Now I have a clk whose frequency is 30.72,and I want to use DCM to generate another clk whose frequency is 1.28MHz. How can I get it?I failed in reality.Pls give me some advance.Article: 51518
Thanks Frank! I'll have a look at it tonight. -- Børge "Frank Hoffmann" <fh215@xxx.cam.ac.uk> wrote in message news:b03jqt$a07$1@pegasus.csx.cam.ac.uk... > > Hi, > > Ken Chapman's Picoblaze project and files (at Xilinx) contain a small > and compact fifo (bbfifo_16x8). It stores max. 16 words, 8-bit wide, but > the word width can be easily expanded to any width you want. > > It is currently written in VHDL but since it is all instantiation of > Xilinx primitives anyway, it's not too hard ('tho tedious) to transcribe. > > - Frank > > PS: > Replace 'xxx' with 'eng' to send no-spam email. > > > > Børge Strand wrote: > > I'm working on a digital oversampling filter where I need some really small > > FIFOs (2 to 16 words long). The width is 16 to 24 bits. > > > > What is the recommended way to implement such FIFOs in a Spartan IIE? I will > > probably need at least 8 of them. The FIFOs in the Core Generator are > > generally longer that what I need. Latency is no problem in my design, and > > the clock speed is rather low. Reads and writes to/from the FIFO will be > > synchronous to the clock. > > > > Any feedback wellcome! > > > > Regards, > > > > Børge > > > > >Article: 51519
Well, Im happy since there's still alot Schematic guys in this world. Most of pure HDL guys now had entered the FPGA industry with no chance/success with schematic. Let ask some (few) HDL experts how they tackle a big-complex design? I bet they will mention some kind of flow chart or block diagram first. Ah, what is that? A SCHEMATIC... I think I have enough of silly words ( HDL heheh )Article: 51520
The background to how the BBFIFO works is explained in my TechX on using the SRL16E. http://www.xilinx.com/support/techxclusives/SRL16-techxclusive4.htm The fact that a FIFO can be implemented using only one counter is fantastic for keeping the control logic small and also provides an accurate measure of how full the FIFO is at all times. Ken ChapmanArticle: 51521
Cisa, The DCM outputs (all execpt for the CLKDV and CLK2X) have a minimum output frequency of 24 MHz. CLK2X is 48 MHx min, and CLKDV is 24/16 MHz (1.5) min. I suggest to use a simple synchronous counter to simply divide by 24 (synchronously). At these low frequencies, you do not need the 100 ps alignment offered by the DCM. Austin Cisa wrote: > Now I have a clk whose frequency is 30.72,and I want to use DCM > to generate another clk whose frequency is 1.28MHz. > How can I get it?I failed in reality.Pls give me some advance.Article: 51522
geeko, This board is not available as a kit, and is not offered assembled or for sale by Xilinx. The documentation is public, and if anyone wants to make their own, please email me at austin@xilinx.com for the pcb artwork files. Note that the Berkeley Logo is copyright the Regents of the University of California, so you must put your own logo on the artwork. We (Xilinx) offer no support on this, but will work with a university if they wish to duplicate/modify this design in terms of offering advice, and reviewing the engineering and artwork if this is to be used for undergraduate instruction (classes). The builder takes all responsibility for getting it to work, but we will advise if you do encounter any issues (just like any pcb built by anyone that uses our parts). As noted in the link to the university program, there are many platforms that can do the job. This one was intended to support a number of different classes, and has features that allow for ethernet, video, DSP, etc. OK, so it is really sexy. I can't help liking it, I helped design it. Since I taught EECS 150 about 28 years ago, and I remember the lab with its 'superstrips' and 7400 logic (MSI!), leds, and 20 MHz scopes, it was a really fun project to assist the folks at UCB who took on the arduous task of redesigning the lab. PS: All of the components should be available 'over the counter' from distributors. Austin geeko wrote: > Hi all > I tried to procure the components for the Berkeley board but failed > Is this board is available in assembled form or as a kit with pcb and all > components > > with regrds > > "Austin Lesea" <austin.lesea@xilinx.com> wrote in message > news:3E1F0E35.D99D6FA0@xilinx.com... > > All, > > > > A very nice platform for FPGAs was developed by UC Berkeley (in > cooperation we > > Xilinx): > > > > http://kamsky.eecs.berkeley.edu/calinx/pdf/Manual.pdf > > > > I would suggest you contact UCB, or myself, if you are interested in > making some > > for your school. > > > > There are many platforms that are much less capable, and perhaps any one > of > > those would be suitable for an introductory level course. Please review: > > > > http://www.xilinx.com/univ/index.htm > > > > Austin > > > > Rene Tschaggelar wrote: > > > > > David wrote: > > > > Hi, > > > > Does anyone know what is the best choice for an fpga developement kit? > > > > Altera offers this kit for University student : > > > > http://www.altera.com/education/univ/kits/unv-kits.html > > > > I wonder if there are other supplier of boards like this (could be > Xilinx > > > > too) that could compete with this. Are there third party manufacturer > that > > > > are worth considering? > > > > > > All these offers are comparable. > > > The software usually can be downloaded, at least reduced versions. > > > The programmers can be selfbuilt or purchased. > > > And finally you need some chip on a board. > > > While 150$ is not much you should base your preference based on > > > who is going to help you and who is going to introduce you into this > > > technology. A colleague is best as you'll spent a few feeks at least. > > > > > > Rene > > > -- > > > Ing.Buero R.Tschaggelar - http://www.ibrtses.com > > > & commercial newsgroups - http://www.talkto.net > >Article: 51523
Hello, Looking to implement a 2-Input-2-output switcher or router. Bascially the sought Block receives 2 parallel inputs and output the same inputs in parallel but in different orders sometimes[ Out1,Out2] in parallel, sometimes [Out2,Out1] in parallel Obviously 2 parallel multiplexer can implement it, wondering on any other exiciting trick thanksArticle: 51524
No, the router actually takes considerably longer than it did under 3.3 if the timing constraints are tight. Unfortunately, one is forced to use the later versions for any of the virtex2 or spartan2E devices. Jim Granville wrote: Since a 'heavily floorplanned designs' has most of placement the work > done, > one could expect the routers to finish much faster. > > Do you see much difference in the completion times of the 3.3 tools, vs > 5.1 tools ? > > It's a common problem, supposedly smarter tools being harder to > control, and/or > giving dumber results.. > > -jg -- --Ray Andraka, P.E. President, the Andraka Consulting Group, Inc. 401/884-7930 Fax 401/884-7950 email ray@andraka.com http://www.andraka.com "They that give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety." -Benjamin Franklin, 1759
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